2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 4강 07~12 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 07  |  page 48

❶ We tend to think of specific vegetational or fuel types as all being more or less susceptible to fire. ❷ Yet what is also important is what makes up a particular vegetation or fuel complex. ❸ Take, for example, the northern boreal forests that are predominantly made up of large areas of coniferous trees. ❹ The burning history and susceptibility to fire has been found to vary across this community of plants. ❺ Recent research shows that the differences in the tree species composition in North American and Eurasian boreal forests explain the differences in fires. ❻ So, for example, the fires in North American boreal forests typically tend to be high-intensity crown fires. ❼ Many of these forests are dominated by a particular suite of conifers, including black spruce and jack pine. ❽ In contrast, the boreal forest fires in Eurasia, where the forests are dominated by spruce, Scots pine, and larch, tend to be low-intensity surface fires, with less severe impacts. ❾ This is why it is misguided for politicians to imagine that 5 fire occurrence and methods of control in one region can necessarily be applied to another.

"Understanding the Influence of Tree Species Composition on Fire Behavior" "Unraveling the Link between Vegetation Composition and Fire Susceptibility" "The Role of Tree Species Diversity in Fire Dynamics" "Boreal Forest Fires: Exploring the Impact of Tree Communities" "The Complexity of Fire Behavior: Beyond Generalizations in Vegetation Types"
[원문 출처]  Fire: A Very Short Introduction Andrew C. Scott Why do Species Matter?
[한 줄 요약] The susceptibility to fire in different vegetation types is not solely determined by their general characteristics but also by the specific composition of plant communities, as evidenced by the varying burning history and fire behavior in boreal forests withdifferent tree species compositions in North America and Eurasia.
[주요 유의어]  Specific: Particular, distinct, individual / Vegetational: Plant, vegetation-related Susceptible: Prone, vulnerable, inclined / Vegetation complex: Plant community, ecosystem Predominantly: Mainly, primarily, chiefly  / Burning history: Fire record, historical fire activity Vary across: Differ within, exhibit variation in / Explain: Account for, clarify, elucidate Dominated by: Prevalent with, primarily consisting of  /Low-intensity: Mild, gentle, moderate Surface fires: Ground fires, understory fires / Misguided: Erroneous, mistaken, misguided Fire occurrence: Fire frequency, instances of fire

► Exercise 08  |  page 49

❶ The forms of social order that our species has invented in the past seven thousand or so years — involving cities and markets and modern telecommunications — are surely 1 a force in our natural selection_. ❷ People's experiences of interacting with strangers thanks to those inventions are likely changing our genes. ❸ For instance, as a species, we may be getting smarter because we live in cities, where urban culture is getting ever more complex, stimulating, and demanding. ❹ We almost certainly are evolving to have different immune systems (and related physiological traits) as members of our species live in denser and denser aggregations, and as people move over ever longer distances between cities, which gives rise to new sorts of epidemics. ❺ For instance, mutations appear to have recently arisen in our species that confer resistance to epidemics of typhoid newly made possible by urbanization and long distance trade in Europe in the past few thousand years.

"The Influence of Social Order on Human Evolution" "Cities, Markets, and Genetic Adaptations: Exploring the Impact of Social Systems" "Evolutionary Effects of Urbanization and Modern Telecommunications" "How Human Interactions with Strangers Shape Our Genes" "From Cities to Immune Systems: The Link between Social Order and Genetic Traits"

[원문 출처]  The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies? Jared Diamond Chapter 2: “The Great Leap Forward” / “The Evolution of Human Personality Traits.”

[한 줄 요약] The social systems and technological advancements created by humans over the past millennia, such as cities and markets, have likely played a significant role in shaping our species through natural selection, impacting our genes and influencing various traits, including intelligence and immune system adaptations.

[주요 유의어] Invented: Created, devised, developed / Changing our genes: Modifying our genetic makeup, altering our genetic traits Complex: Intricate, sophisticated, multifaceted / Stimulating: Engaging, thought-provoking, inspiring Demanding: Challenging, rigorous, exacting / Evolving: Adapting, developing, changing over time Immune systems: Defense mechanisms, bodily immunity / Physiological traits: Physical characteristics, bodily attributes Urbanization: Urban development, growth of cities / Long-distance trade: Distant commerce, extended trading networks Mutations: Genetic changes, alterations in DNA / Newly made possible: Facilitated by, enabled by, resulting from

Exercise 09  |  page 50

❶ In European history, many of the song forms favored by the most popular performers were explicitly connected to dances. ❷ These origins are often preserved in the musical terminology we use today. ❸ The rondo is now treated as a specifically musical form with a recurring refrain, but the term likely derives from the circular dance that accompanied the rondeau of the wandering musicians of the late medieval era. ❹ Today we use the word carol to describe a Christmas song, but it comes from a very popular dance of that period, the carole. ❺ A host of other terms, from minuet to waltz, are now used to describe concert hall music, but originated among dancers. ❻ I doubt we will ever grasp the full impact of dancing on musical style, which shows up even where we least expect to find it. ❼ Charles Rosen, in his seminal study The Classical Style, marvels over the process by which the four-bar phrase gained a "stranglehold on rhythmic structure" in classical music, and is forced to conclude that "the periodic phrase is related to the dance, with its need for a phrase pattern that corresponds to steps and to groupings."

"The Dance Origins of European Song Forms"  "Dancing's Influence on Musical Terminology and Style" "The Intertwined History of Dance and Music in Europe” "From Dance Floors to Concert Halls: Tracing the Evolution of Song Forms" "The Enduring Connection Between Dance and Music in European Culture”

[원문 출처]  Music: A Subversive History Ted Gioia

[한 줄 요약] Throughout European history, popular song forms were closely tied to dances, and these dance origins continue to influence musical terminology and style, even in classical masterpieces.

[주요 유의어] Song forms: Musical structures, musical compositions, musical patterns / Favored: Preferred, popular, liked Performers: Musicians, artists, entertainers  /  Connected to dances: Associated with dances, linked to dancing Origins: Beginnings, roots, sources /  Preserved: Retained, kept, maintained Musical terminology: Musical terms, musical language, musical vocabulary / Rondo: Musical composition, musical piece Refrain: Chorus, recurring theme /  Derives from: Comes from, originated from, has its roots in Medieval era: Middle Ages, medieval period  /  Carol: Christmas song, festive song Concert hall music: Classical music, orchestral music /  Grasp the full impact: Fully understand the complete influence,

Exercise 10  |  page 51

❶ Everyday anxiety is nothing surprising; we all experience worries, concerns, even moments of panic sometimes. ❷ But anxiety isn't a binary proposition, like a light switch that's either on or off. ❸ Imagine instead a dimmer sliding up and down, sometimes quickly, other times hardly at all. ❹ Low-level anxiety is present in our lives so often, like the air we breathe, that we might not even notice it. ❺ It happens when we open the door to meet our new boss or when we look outside and see snow coming down as we're packing up for our drive home; suddenly we're paying close attention to something we'd really rather not think about, but the feeling doesn't last for more than a minute or two. ❻ Once I meet my new boss, I soon get a sense of what she's like and my anxiety subsides. ❼ As I start driving home, I see that the roads are still clear, so my worries ease. ❽ Once we 5 are exposed to diverse environments, our mind anxiety fades away like morning mist burnt off by the sun's warmth.

"Understanding the Nuances of Everyday Anxiety" "The Spectrum of Anxiety: From Subtle Concerns to Moments of Panic" "Anxiety as a Dimmer Switch: Fluctuations and Fadeaways"

[원문 출처]  FUTURE TENSE : Why Anxiety Is Good for You (Even Though It Feels Bad) Tracy Dennis-Tiwary, PhD Part 1. Why We Need Anxiety / What Anxiety Is (and Isn’t) / The Spectrum

[한 줄 요약] Everyday anxiety is a fluctuating experience that ranges from subtle and fleeting moments of concern to more noticeable worries, but with exposure to diverse environments, our mental anxiety dissipates.

[주요 유의어] Everyday anxiety: Common anxiety, regular worries Binary proposition: Black-and-white scenario, all-or-nothing situation] Notice it: Recognize it, be aware of it Paying close attention: Focusing intently, giving careful consideration Mind anxiety: Mental anxiety, cognitive uneasiness

Exercise 11  |  page 52

❶ A well-known and puzzling paradox of psychophysical magnitude perception is that people are rather good at discriminating the intensity of different magnitudes, but remarkably poor at categorizing them absolutely. ❷ That is, people are typically able to tell which is the louder of two sounds, or the brighter of two lights, with an accuracy that would lead to the naïve impression that they can tell the difference between of the order of a hundred different physical intensity levels. ❸ Yet when people are asked to explicitly associate intensity levels with category labels (e.g., 1 for the least intense stimulus, 2 for the next most intense, to, say, 7 for the most intense), they find this astonishingly difficult. ❹ Rather than having of the order of a hundred or so different cognitive "bins" into which items can be reliably categorized, performance tails off when about five different intensity levels must be categorized. ❺ Critically, it matters very little either what the absolute intensity level of the items to be categorized actually is; or, more shockingly, what the range of those items is. ❻ That is, so long as the items are readily discriminable from each other, to a first approximation, all that matters is 3 the number of items that must be classified.

"The Paradox of Psychophysical Magnitude Perception"  "Discrimination vs. Categorization: The Perceptual Challenge" "The Curious Case of Intensity Discrimination and Categorization" "Perceiving Magnitude: Accuracy in Discrimination, Difficulty in Categorization"

[원문 출처]  Psychology of Decision Making in Economics, Business and Finance Klaus P. Hofmann chapter 3. Instability and Relativity of Preferences: How Context Determines Utilities and Decisions / Motivation from Psychophysics

[한 줄 요약] The psychophysical magnitude perception paradox reveals that people excel at discriminating different magnitudes but struggle to categorize them accurately, regardless of the absolute intensity levels or range involved.

[주요 유의어] Puzzling paradox: Perplexing contradiction, enigmatic dilemma Discriminating the intensity: Differentiating the magnitude, distinguishing the strength Categorizing absolutely: Assigning precise categories, labeling with specific levels Performance tails off: Accuracy declines, effectiveness diminishes Cognitive "bins": Mental compartments, conceptual categories

Exercise 12  |  page 53

❶ The prospect of a win-win solution for farmers and the planet rapidly attracted the attention of both media and industry onlookers, who began enthusiastically promoting such practices as "regenerative" agriculture. ❷ The French government challenged nations around the world to commit to increasing soil carbon by four-tenths of a percent per year, based on a scientific analysis showing that such an effort could offset 20 to 35 percent of greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity. ❸ In conservative states like South Dakota and Mississippi, no-till farmers and holistic management ranchers — who rotate their animals in ways that mimic native animals that only eat plants — began proudly calling themselves "carbon cowboys," promoting large-scale investments from major companies. ❹ The Rodale Institute, home to a forty-year-old experiment comparing organic and conventional agriculture, circulated a report claiming that more than 100 percent of current emissions could be offset through a global transition to regenerative organic farming. ❺ It seemed the world was ready to turn the carbon story of our food system on its head, transforming agriculture from a carbon source to a carbon sink.

"The Rise of Regenerative Agriculture: A Win-Win Solution for Farmers and the Planet" "Carbon Cowboys and the Transformation of Agriculture" "From Carbon Source to Carbon Sink: The Promise of Regenerative Farming" "Media, Industry, and Governments Embrace Regenerative Agriculture for Climate Solutions"

[원문 출처] Healing Grounds : Climate, Justice, and the Deep Roots of Regenerative Farming / Liz Carlisle Can Soil Really Save Us?

[한 줄 요약] The emergence of "regenerative" agriculture, championed by media, industry, and governments, offered a promising win- win solution for farmers and the environment by increasing soil carbon to offset greenhouse gas emissions and transform agriculture into a carbon sink.

[주요 유의어] Win-win solution: Mutually beneficial outcome, positive resolution for all parties Rapidly attracted: Swiftly drew, quickly gained Enthusiastically promoting: Eagerly advocating, actively endorsing Commit to: Pledge to, undertake Offset: Counterbalance, compensate for Proudly calling themselves: Self-identifying as, referring to themselves as Large-scale investments: Substantial funding, significant financial backing