2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 1강 07~12 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 07  |  page 12

❶ If you walk down a path, the sounds of your footsteps provide you with information about your gait. ❷ It turns out that people feel heavier or lighter if the sounds they're fed from their footsteps are transformed through software. ❸ Via clever experimental tricks, a young researcher has shown that high pitches associated with footfalls cause people to feel lighter, whereas low pitches cause people to feel heavier. ❹ She has also found that where you think your own hand is can be influenced by where you hear your hand is. ❺ In work by others, it has been shown that where your hand seems to be can be dramatically affected if you feel your hand being stroked while the hand you see being stroked isn't actually your hand but instead is a rubber replica. ❻ The fact that you can be fooled into thinking your hand is several inches away from where it actually is shows that you are more strongly tuned to 2 feedback than you might have imagined.

The power of sound on perception and bodily experience.
[원문 출처]  "The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human" by V. S. Ramachandran Chapter 2. ”The Neurons That Shaped Civilization” / "The Mirror Neuron Revolution".
[한 줄 요약] Research shows that people's perception of their body weight and the location of their body parts can be influenced by the sounds they hear or the touch they feel, revealing the importance of sensory feedback in shaping our bodily experiences.
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► Exercise 08  |  page 13

❶ A simple definition of chain of command is simply the order of authority and power in any organization. ❷ What is important to note about chain of command is that decisions should be made only 3 by those who have responsibility for those decisions. ❸ If leaders usurp the authority of the leaders under them and make decisions at those levels, they destroy the credibility of their subordinates. ❹ We see examples of this all the time. ❺ A staff member is angry with the decision of their boss and wants to manipulate that decision by going to the person over that individual. ❻ When this happens, the more senior leader in this situation needs to send the staff person back to deal with their direct boss to give them the opportunity to fix the situation rather than riding in on their white horse to fix it for the staff. ❼ Open-door policies do not mean that you are there to fix things, but rather to give advice on the next steps that need to be followed.                                                                   

The Importance of Chain of Command in Organizations

[원문 출처]  "Leadership in War: Essential Lessons from Those Who Made History" Andrew Roberts Chapter 2, titled "Chain of Command"

[한 줄 요약] Chain of command refers to the hierarchy of power within an organization where decisions should only be made by those with theappropriate level of responsibility, and undermining this structure can damage the credibility of subordinates.

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Exercise 09  |  page 14

❶ Know-how and information are distinct, but they are also intimately connected. ❷ The ability of a system to pack know-how depends largely on the fluidity with which it can use information to reconstruct the dynamic networks it needs to accumulate that know-how. ❸ A seed is a perfect example of this. ❹ It is a package containing both the know-how and the information needed to create a plant, such as a tree. ❺ The development of a tree is nothing other than the majestic unpacking of know-how facilitated by genetic information. ❻ A seed unpacking into a tree unpacks the know-how needed to perform photosynthesis, to build the structures that will transport nutrients and water from the ground to the leaves, and to defend itself against pests. ❼ A seed unpacking into a tree is an example of know-how and information being unpacked into a structure that is more complex than the one that begot it — the tree has the ability to 3 perform functions that were absent in the seed.

Know-how and information are intertwined, as seen in the example of a seed developing into a tree.

[원문 출처]  "Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind" by Andy Clark Chapter 7. Making More of What We Know / Information, Know-How, and the Demands of Prediction

[한 줄 요약] The ability of a system to use information to accumulate know-how is illustrated by a seed that contains the genetic information needed to develop into a tree.

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Exercise 10  |  page 15

❶ An emerging organizing theme in neuroscience is that 5 the brain has evolved, fundamentally, to make predictions. ❷ The claim here is not that the business of anticipating events is one of the brain's important chores: it is the main reason for having (big) brains in the first place. ❸ It's a perspective that seems counterintuitive at first, but you will warm up to it as soon as you see how the brain handles otherwise puzzling facts. ❹ The core idea is as follows. ❺ We can interact with the world in an infinite number of ways. ❻ Such complexity would quickly overwhelm us. ❼ So for behavior to be purposeful and timely in such a high- dimensional environment, the set of possible choices must be pruned. ❽ We accomplish this by continuously, automatically and, importantly, unconsciously generating expectations that meaningfully inform — constrain — perception and action at every moment in life. ❾ Even when we daydream and don't engage in a specific activity the brain doesn't idle but actively produces predictions that anticipate future events.

The Brain as a Prediction Machine

[원문 출처]  The Predictive Mind Jakob Hohwy The Predictive Mind / The Brain's Evolutionary Purpose is to Make Predictions

[한 줄 요약] The brain's main function is to generate predictions that inform perception and action, as the complexity of the world requires choices to be pruned and expectations to be continuously and unconsciously generated.

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Exercise 11  |  page 16

❶ Fingerprints develop early in the pregnancy period. ❷ Between the sixth and thirteenth weeks of life, the characteristic bumps are already forming on the foetal fingers and palms. ❸ Innumerable environmental factors will now influence the formation of the unique pattern, including the exact position of the foetus in the womb at an exact moment, and the exact composition and density of surrounding amniotic fluid that circulates around the fingers as they touch whatever they meet. ❹ The movement of the baby as he or she shifts around inside the womb and the speed and size to which he or she grows — all affect how the fingerprint patterns form and ensure that the truly unique physical feature, which will distinguish each of us from anyone else, is never copied. ❺ In the entire course of human history, there is virtually no chance of the same exact fingerprint pattern forming twice, because there is no chance of an identical set of pre-natal events occurring to the same extent in the same way at the same time. ❻ And while other physical characteristics will change with age, your fingerprint remains the same right up to the grave. ❼ Touch something, and 4 you leave on it a telling trace of your uniqueness.

The uniqueness of fingerprints

[원문 출처]  "Fingerprints of the Gods: The Quest Continues" by Graham Hancock Chapter 1, titled "The Mystery of the Maps” / “The First Map".

[한 줄 요약] Fingerprint patterns develop in the early stages of pregnancy and are influenced by various environmental factors, making them atruly unique physical feature that remains the same throughout a person's life.

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Exercise 12  |  page 17

❶ In 2019, researchers at the University of the West of England conducted a survey of 5,000 passengers commuting to London from the Midlands. ❷ Fifty-three percent of them used Wi-Fi to "catch up" on work, thus, essentially, working. ❸ Email is the thin end of a wedge of work activities. ❹ Email allows someone to start engaging with their tasks, boss, and colleagues before they even physically set foot in the office, preparing themselves psychologically for the role they need to play. ❺ In his 2019 paper "Between Home and Work: Commuting as an Opportunity for Role Transitions," Jon Jachimowicz, from Harvard Business School, found that commuting offered an opportunity to conduct "work-related prospection" and "boundary management strategies," a process of planning ahead that helps busy parents and executives get the most out of their day and feel more satisfied. ❻ When someone applies makeup on a busy early morning train into work, or in their car, they are literally putting their "game face" on. ❼ Checking email complements this psychological preparation for work, giving someone a liminal zone before they are actually obligated to respond.

The benefits of working during the commute.

[원문 출처]  "The Art of Rest: How to Find Respite in the Modern Age" by Claudia Hammond Chapter 4, titled "The Commute” / "The Value of the Liminal Zone"

[한 줄 요약] Many commuters use their time on Wi-Fi during their commute to catch up on work, and this time offers a liminal zone before arriving at the office to prepare for work-related tasks.

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