2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 2강 07~12 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 07  |  page 24

❶ The laser is an example of the 4 underratingof the practical implications of a scientific discovery. ❷ When Arthur Schawlow and Charles Townes published their seminal paper describing the principle of the laser in Physical Review in 1958, it produced considerable excitement in the scientific community and eventually won them Nobel Prizes. ❸ However, neither these authors nor others in their group predicted the enormous and diverse practical implications of their discovery. ❹ Lasers, apart from their many uses in science, have enabled the development of fast computers, target designation in warfare, communication over very long distances, space exploration and travel, surgery to remove brain tumors, and numerous everyday uses — bar-code scanners in supermarkets, for example. ❺ Schawlow frequently expressed strong doubts about the laser's practicality and often quipped that it would be useful only to robbers for safecracking. ❻ Yet advances in laser technology continue to make news to this day.

The unexpected practical uses of lasers.
[원문 출처]  "The Future of Life" by Edward O. Wilson Chapter 4, "The Bottleneck”
[한 줄 요약] The laser was initially undervalued for its practical applications, despite its groundbreaking scientific discovery, until it was found to have numerous uses in technology, warfare, space exploration, and everyday life.
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► Exercise 08  |  page 25

❶ Virtual Reality (VR) is a simulated experience of the real world in which individuals can interact within an artificial three- dimensional environment using electronic devices. ❷ Its close cousin, Augmented Reality (AR), refers to the enhancement of the real world using computer-generated perceptual information, such as overlaying digital imagery onto the real world. ❸ Taken together, they are known as "immersive technologies" that may completely change how we experience journalism. ❹ Their power lies in 3 their transformative storytelling capabilities. ❺ They help provide viewers with a more accurate physical representation of space, spatial relationships, sense of spatial presence, and experienced immersion. ❻ The well-known VR film producer Chris Milk, who created a film that puts viewers inside a refugee camp, said the technology is an "ultimate empathy machine" that "connects humans to other humans in a profound way I've never before seen in any other form of media, and it can change people's perception of each other." ❼ This statement is backed by some empirical research that suggests that VR can increase the empathy of viewers and their perception of the credibility of news. ❽ That's why these technologies have been considered as the new frontier of journalism.                

The Transformative Storytelling Capabilities of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Journalism

[원문 출처]  Immersive Journalism: Immersive Technologies and Journalism. Snehasish Banerjee The Role of Immersive Technologies in Journalism / Exploring the Emerging Landscape of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality.

[한 줄 요약] Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality are immersive technologies that can enhance the storytelling capabilities of journalism and increase empathy and credibility of news through accurate spatial representation and experienced immersion.

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Exercise 09  |  page 26

❶ Managed forests are second-growth forests that have been planted, thinned, fertilized, and sprayed with pesticides, just like a farmer's field. ❷ One of the first things you notice when you walk in a managed forest is that the trees are smaller than in an old- growth forest. ❸ And the forest looks mostly brown, instead of green. ❹ This is because the trees are all the same age, the same size and the same height. ❺ The trees grow close together, and very little light gets through their branches. ❻ This means that there aren't any berry bushes or other plants on the forest floor because they can't get enough light to grow. ❼ Because the trees are so young, they don't have any mosses growing on them. ❽ Without the nurse logs and snags and diversity of plants, there is less habitat available for wildlife. ❾ We can still hear birds chirping high up in the canopy, but overall there is 5 much less biodiversity in a planted second-growth forest.

Characteristics of Managed Forests

[원문 출처]  Undefined

[한 줄 요약] Managed forests are second-growth forests that have been cultivated to be uniform in age, size, and height, resulting in a lack of biodiversity and plant growth due to limited light penetration.

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Exercise 10  |  page 27

❶ The fact that emotions are unlearned, automated, and set by the genome always raises the specter of genetic determinism. ❷ Is there nothing personal and educable about one's emotions? ❸ The answer is that there is plenty. ❹ The essential mechanism of the emotions in a normal brain is indeed quite similar across individuals, and a good thing too because it provides humanity, in diverse cultures, with a common ground of fundamental preferences on the matters of pain and pleasure. ❺ But while the mechanisms are distinctly similar, the circumstances in which certain stimuli have become emotionally competent for you are unlikely to be the same as for me. ❻ There are things that you fear that I do not, and vice versa; things you love and I do not, and vice versa; and many, many things that we both fear and love. ❼ In other words, emotional responses are considerably customized relative to the causative stimulus. ❽ In this regard, 2 we are quite alike but not entirely.

The customization of emotional responses.

[원문 출처]  The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life | Joseph Ledoux What are emotions, and how are they created? / The customizability of emotional responses

[한 줄 요약] Although emotions are automated and set by the genome, personal and educable circumstances make emotional responses customized relative to the causative stimulus, leading to a common ground of fundamental preferences but also unique individual fears and loves.

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Exercise 11  |  page 28

❶ The French sociologist Émile Durkheim advocated functionalism. ❷ Durkheim was the first to promote science as a basis for making sociological decisions. ❸ Rooted in the French political and social upheaval from 1870 to 1895, Durkheim believed changes in social institutions and quality of life occurred through political reform and scientific advances. ❹ He was the first to suggest that to understand an individual one must not look at the individual, but rather at the society or group in which that individual is a member. ❺ Durkheim believed society was greater than its individuals and that society's components had tremendous power to shape and influence human behavior. ❻ He believed individualism and self-interest threatened the cohesion of social institutions and undermined the authoritative nature of group life. ❼ As a result, individual autonomy 4 came at the expense of the good of the collective forces. ❽ Consequently, Durkheim was an advocate of moral education, due to his concern with increasing individualism. ❾ He advocated that society's different components comprise a collective conscience that affects individual thought and behavior for the good of the whole.

Durkheim's Functionalism and Sociological Ideas

[원문 출처]  The Contributions of Emile Durkheim to Sociology Emile Durkheim Durkheim's Beliefs About Society, Individuals, and Social Change

[한 줄 요약] Durkheim believed that social institutions and groups have significant power to shape human behavior, promoting scientific advances and political reform to improve social institutions and quality of life while advocating for moral education to counter individualism's negative effects on society.

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Exercise 12  |  page 29

❶ Simplifying an explanation, description or argument is not always a bad thing to do. ❷ In fact, it can be very useful. ❸ To truly understand a physical phenomenon, to reveal its essence, the scientist will attempt to strip away the unnecessary detail and expose its bare bones (always 'as simple as possible, but no simpler'). ❹ For example, laboratory experiments are often carried out under specially controlled conditions to create artificial and idealized environments that make the important features of a phenomenon easier to study. ❺ Unfortunately, this hardly ever applies when it comes to human behavior. ❻ The real world is messy and often far too complicated to simplify. ❼ There is a well-known joke — to physicists, at any rate — about a dairy farmer who wishes to find a way of increasing the milk production of his cows and so seeks the help of a team of theoretical physicists. ❽ After carefully studying the problem, the physicists finally tell him they have found a solution, but that it only works if they assume a spherical cow in a vacuum.

The benefits and limitations of simplification in scientific explanations and human behavior.

[원문 출처]  The Role of Simplification in Science Stripping Away Unnecessary Detail to Reveal the Essence of a Phenomenon

[한 줄 요약] Simplification can be helpful in understanding physical phenomena, but human behavior is too complex to simplify, as illustrated by a joke about a farmer seeking physicists' help to increase milk production by assuming a spherical cow in a vacuum.

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