2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 3강 07~12 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 07  |  page 12

❶ A large number of mammalian species, including humans, occasionally work at deceiving others outside their troop or living unit. ❷ To the outsiders, individuals attempt to appear stronger or weaker, healthier or sicker than they really are. ❸ Within human groups, people deceive not only outgroup members but ingroup members as well — spouses, children, village leaders. ❹ In truth, it is beyond my expertise to know if people in all human cultures behave counter to the established rules in their society and, if they do, they occasionally keep their actions secret. ❺ Similarly, I cannot attest to whether all human cultures have words such as "lie," "deceive," "trick," "shame," or "guilt" in their vocabularies. ❻ Whatever the final judgement as to the 4 universality of deception_, our data would suggest that, to the extent that individuals must actively conceal important information from others in their social network, the act of concealment should be stressful.

"The Art of Deception: A Cross-Species Examination" "Concealment and Stress: The Hidden Costs of Deception" "Deception in Mammals: A Look at Humans" "The Universality of Deception: An Uncertain Verdict" "Lies, Deception, and Stress: A Biological Perspective"
[원문 출처]  "The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human" by V. S. Ramachandran Chapter 2. ”The Neurons That Shaped Civilization” / "The Mirror Neuron Revolution".
[한 줄 요약] the prevalence of deception in various mammalian species, including humans, who may misrepresent themselves to both outsiders and insiders of their group, and while the universality of such behavior and related concepts like "lie" and "guilt" across all human cultures is uncertain, the act of concealing important information is suggested to be stressful.
[주요 유의어]

► Exercise 08  |  page 13

❶ Beliefs and personalities change continually as people grow. ❷ My belief about the existence of Santa Claus is now completely opposed to the belief I had when I was young. ❸ Was I brainwashed by the adult world? ❹ No. ❺ I simply grew up, gradually accepting along the way that there was no such person as Santa Claus. ❻ But consider my friend Keith's extremely strong belief in Christianity. ❼ If Keith were to vanish for a month and then reappear an enthusiastic atheist I would suspect that someone had been exerting undue influence, whereas if I hadn't seen Keith for ten years I would be much more likely to attribute the lapse to natural causes. ❽ In other words, 1 the shorter the time of transition— between old and new beliefs — the more likely that some form of brainwashing has occurred.

"Belief Evolution: Natural Change or Brainwashing?" "The Dynamics of Changing Beliefs and Personalities" "From Santa Claus to Atheism: Examining Belief Transformations" "The Influence of Time on Belief Transitions" "Belief Shifts: Gradual Acceptance versus Abrupt Changes"

[원문 출처]  "Leadership in War: Essential Lessons from Those Who Made History" Andrew Roberts Chapter 2, titled "Chain of Command"

[한 줄 요약] beliefs and personalities undergo continuous change as individuals grow, with personal transformations being more likely attributed to natural causes when occurring over longer periods of time, while abrupt shifts raise suspicions of undue influence or brainwashing.

[주요 유의어] continually: constantly, consistently brainwashed: manipulated, indoctrinated opposed: contrary, conflicting grown: developed, matured gradually: slowly, progressively accepting: embracing, adopting vanished: disappeared, gone exerting: imposing, influencing undue: excessive, unwarranted lapse: deviation, departure transition: change, transformation.

Exercise 09  |  page 14

❶ Several nineteenth-century scholars noted that the basis of social solidarity changed as societies became larger and more diverse. ❷ Instead of the cultural similarity that constitutes mechanical solidarity, societies with a complex division of labor are held together by their differences: the cobbler depends on the baker for bread, who depends on the carpenter for shelter, who depends on the blacksmith for tools, who depends on the cobbler for shoes. ❸ With this kind of 5 economic interdependence, it did not matter so much that people thought and believed the same things and looked at the world in a distinctive way. ❹ Therefore, common culture became less important, and individual variability increased. ❺ On the analogy with the different, interdependent physiological functions of the organs of the body, Émile Durkheim named this kind of social cohesiveness "organic solidarity.“

"Evolution of Social Cohesion: From Cultural Similarity to Economic Interdependence" "The Shift from Shared Culture to Specialized Interdependence in Diverse Societies" "Organic Solidarity: The Changing Basis of Social Cohesion in Modern Societies" "Division of Labor and the Decline of Common Culture: Unraveling the Threads of Social Solidarity" "Diverse Societies: Embracing Differences and Embracing Organic Solidarity"

[원문 출처]  "Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind" by Andy Clark Chapter 7. Making More of What We Know / Information, Know-How, and the Demands of Prediction

[한 줄 요약] As societies grow larger and more diverse, social cohesion shifts from cultural homogeneity to interdependence based on a specialized division of labor, rendering shared beliefs and common culture less significant and giving rise to increased individual variation, a concept known as organic solidarity.

[주요 유의어] Scholars: Researchers, intellectuals, academics Social solidarity: Social cohesion, unity, togetherness Cobbler: Shoemaker Common culture: Shared beliefs, collective values Individual variability: Diversity, differences Economic interdependence: Mutual reliance, interconnectedness

Exercise 10  |  page 15

❶ Practitioners in the security industry agree that security culture is a vital component of their cybersecurity program. ❷ However, research shows that security practitioners have difficulty 4 agreeing on what security culture is. ❸ This may be because the phrase security culture is rather new, leading to some confusion. ❹ Our industry has talked about security awareness for a long time, leading to some security people thinking security culture is just awareness with a new name. ❺ Another bias we see, particularly in some industries where safety is key to success, is a definition of security culture as though it is safety culture: dealing with the physical world instead of the abstracted world of information. ❻ It is much easier for us as humans to understand how a hard hat will protect our head from falling debris versus understanding how sharing our credentials in a phishing scam can injure us and our employer.

"Deciphering the Complexity of Security Culture in the Cybersecurity Industry" "Navigating the Confusion: Defining Security Culture in the Security Industry" "From Awareness to Culture: Unraveling the Notions of Security in Cybersecurity" "The Evolution of Security Culture: Challenges and Misinterpretations" "Security Culture: Bridging the Gap Between Awareness and Practice"

[원문 출처]  The Predictive Mind Jakob Hohwy The Predictive Mind / The Brain's Evolutionary Purpose is to Make Predictions

[한 줄 요약] emphasizes the importance of security culture in the cybersecurity field, while acknowledging the difficulty in reaching a consensus on its definition due to the relatively new nature of the term and the tendency to confuse it with security awareness or safety culture.

[주요 유의어] practitioners: professionals, experts security industry: cybersecurity sector, protective field vital: crucial, essential cybersecurity program: security framework, protective system difficulty: challenge, obstacle agreeing: concurring, aligning confusion: ambiguity, uncertainty awareness: consciousness, understanding bias: prejudice, inclination safety culture: protection culture, risk management mindset physical: tangible, material abstracted: conceptual, theoretical phishing scam: fraudulent scheme, deceptive ploy injure: harm, jeopardize.

Exercise 11  |  page 16

❶ There will need to be a partnership with the health sector in both disease control programmes and the development of health systems. ❷ It is likely that paying attention to the social determinants of health, including health care, will make health services more effective. ❸ The health sector will also play a leadership and advocacy role in the development of policies to deal with the social determinants of health. ❹ But lack of health care is not the cause of the huge global burden of illness: water-borne diseases are not caused by lack of antibiotics but by dirty water, and by the political, social, and economic forces that fail to make clean water available to all; heart disease is caused not by a lack of coronary care units but by the lives people lead, which are shaped by the environments in which they live; obesity is not caused by moral failure on the part of individuals but by the excess availability of high-fat and high-sugar foods. ❺ The main action on social determinants of health must therefore 5 come from outside the health sector.

"Partnerships for Health: Addressing Social Determinants and Disease Control” "The Role of the Health Sector in Promoting Holistic Health" "Beyond Healthcare: Understanding the Social Determinants of Health" "Challenging Assumptions: Rethinking the Causes of Global Health Burdens" "Shaping Healthy Environments: Collaborative Efforts for Better Health"

[원문 출처]  "Fingerprints of the Gods: The Quest Continues" by Graham Hancock Chapter 1, titled "The Mystery of the Maps” / “The First Map".

[한 줄 요약] Durkheim believed that social institutions and groups have significant power to shape human behavior, promoting scientific advances and political reform to improve social institutions and quality of life while advocating for moral education to counter individualism's negative effects on society.

[주요 유의어] partnership: collaboration, alliance disease control programs: public health initiatives, prevention strategies social determinants of health: societal factors, environmental influences health care: medical services, healthcare provision effective: efficient, impactful leadership: guidance, direction advocacy: promotion, support burden of illness: disease prevalence, health impact water-borne diseases: water-related illnesses, sanitation-related ailments political: governmental, policy-related economic: financial, economic-related environments: surroundings, contexts moral failure: personal culpability, ethical shortcomings excess availability: abundance, overabundance.

Exercise 12  |  page 17

❶ In a broad sense, each organization has successfully monetized their intellectual property (IP), which Merriam-Webster defines as "property (such as an idea, invention, or process) that derives from the work of the mind or intellect." ❷ In our discussions with industry leaders across the country, we were surprised at how many believe most Main Street nonprofits don't really have much IP. ❸ Some felt the reason for this is since nonprofits exist to fill the voids left by government and the private sector, those with valuable IP would be replaced by for-profit businesses. ❹ However, this assumes organizations are limiting their definition of IP to more traditional interpretations, such as patents and trademarks. ❺ When we broaden it, as Merriam-Webster does, to include ideas and processes — anything an organization knows how to do that others value — we start to see numerous opportunities for nonprofits to get paid for their "secret sauce.“

"Unlocking the Value of Intellectual Property: Nonprofits and Monetization" "Redefining Intellectual Property: Opportunities for Nonprofits" "Nonprofits and the Hidden Potential of Intellectual Assets" "Expanding the Definition of Intellectual Property: A New Perspective" "Monetizing Nonprofit Expertise: Tapping into Intellectual Value"

[원문 출처] "The Art of Rest: How to Find Respite in the Modern Age" by Claudia Hammond Chapter 4, titled "The Commute” / "The Value of the Liminal Zone"

[한 줄 요약] the monetization of intellectual property (IP) by organizations, highlighting the misconception that nonprofits lack valuable IP and emphasizing the broader definition of IP that includes ideas and processes, presenting opportunities for nonprofits to profit from their expertise.

[주요 유의어] intellectual property: intangible assets, knowledge assets industry leaders: top executives, key figures Main Street nonprofits: local charities, community-based organizations valuable: significant, worthwhile for-profit businesses: commercial enterprises, profit-oriented companies patents: inventions, innovations trademarks: brands, logos broaden: expand, extend numerous opportunities: abundant prospects, ample possibilities secret sauce: unique expertise, specialized knowledge.