2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 6강 01~04,07~10 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 01  |  page 66

❶ While timber shares many characteristics with other living resources, it also has some unique aspects. ❷ Timber shares with many other living resources the characteristic 1 that it is both an output and a capital good. ❸ Trees, when harvested, provide a saleable commodity, but 2 leave standing they are a capital good, providing for increased growth the following year. ❹ Each year, the forest manager must decide whether or not to harvest a particular stand of trees or 3 to wait for the additional growth. ❺ In contrast to many other living resources, however, the time period between initial investment (planting) and recovery of that investment (harvesting) 4 is especially long. ❻ Intervals of 25 years or more are common in forestry, but not in many other industries. ❼ Finally, forestry is subject to an unusually large variety of externalities, which are associated with either the standing timber or the act of harvesting timber. ❽ These externalities not only make it difficult to define the efficient allocation, but they also play havoc with incentives, making efficient management 5 harder for institutions to achieve.

"Understanding Timber: Unique Characteristics and Management Challenges" "Timber as a Living Resource: Dual Nature and Complexities" "The Complexity of Timber: Balancing Output and Capital Investment" "Forestry Management: Long-Term Perspectives and Externalities" "Navigating the Challenges of Timber Management and Harvesting"

[원문 출처]  Environmental and Natural Resource Economics Tom Tietenberg, Lynne Lewis · 2018 Characterizing Forest Harvesting Decisions : Special Attributes of the Timber Resource

[한 줄 요약] The unique characteristics of timber as a living resource, including its dual nature as both an output and a capital good, the decision-making process for harvesting, the long time period for investment recovery, and the challenges posed by externalities in forestry management.

[주요 유의어] timber: wood, lumber / living resources: biological assets, natural commodities unique aspects: distinct features, specific characteristics  / capital good: investment asset, productive resource saleable commodity: marketable product, tradable item  /  growth: development, expansion forest manager: forestry professional, woodland overseer / harvest: cut, gather additional growth: incremental expansion, further development  /  initial investment: primary capital outlay, initial expenditure intervals: periods, spans  / externalities: external factors, environmental impacts incentives: motivations, inducements  / efficient management: effective administration, optimal control

► Exercise 02 |  page 67

❶ It is not remarkable that competing economic theories exist to explain the same phenomena, with economists disagreeing as to which theory is to be preferred. ❷ Much has been written about the uncertain accuracy of economists' predictions. ❸ 1 While economists can foretell the effects of specific changes in the economy, they are better at predicting the direction rather than the actual magnitude of events. ❹ 2 When economists predict that a tax cut will raise national income, one may be confident that the prediction is accurate; when they predict that it will raise national income by a certain amount in three years, however, the forecast is likely to miss the mark. ❺ 3 Some critics of the field argue that economics falls short of the definition of a science due to a lack of testable hypotheses based on sufficiently explicit theories. ❻ 4 The reason is that most economic models do not contain any explicit reference to the passage of time and hence have little to say about how long it takes for a certain effect to make itself felt. ❼ 5 Short-period predictions generally fare better than long- period ones.

"Competing Economic Theories and the Uncertain Predictions of Economists" "Challenges in Economic Theory and Prediction Accuracy"  "Economics: A Science of Predicting the Direction, Not Magnitude" "The Complexity of Economic Predictions and the Debate on Science" "Economic Forecasts: The Delicate Balance of Theory and Uncertainty"

[원문 출처]  Economics and Economic Systems Britannica Duignan, Brian · 2012 Testing Theories

[한 줄 요약] acknowledges the existence of competing economic theories and economists' disagreement regarding their preference, highlighting the uncertain accuracy of economists' predictions and the limitations of economics as a science due to a lack of testable hypotheses and explicit theories, with short-term predictions being more reliable than long-term ones.

[주요 유의어] remarkable: notable, significant / competing: rival, conflicting / preferred: favored, chosen uncertain: unreliable, unpredictable /  foretell: predict, forecast / magnitude: extent, size accuracy: precision, correctness /  tax cut: tax reduction, fiscal decrease /  miss the mark: fail, fall short critics: skeptics, detractors / falls short: lacks, does not meet / explicit: clear, specific testable hypotheses: verifiable propositions, provable suppositions / passage of time: elapse of time, progression fare better: perform better, have greater success / short-period: immediate, near-term

Exercise 03  |  page 68

❶ Soon after it emerged on Earth, life started to capture energy from the Sun through photosynthesis. ❷ This chemical reaction is a delicately crafted dance that is led by high-energy photons from the Sun. (B) ❸ These are used by chloroplasts to drive a series of reactions that produce sugars. ❹ The very first forms of photosynthesis used water and elements such as sulphur to complete the process, but while water was abundant, the relative scarcity of sulphur meant that photosynthesis was limited. (A) ❺ However, concentrations of carbon dioxide were more than ten times higher than they are today, and over a period of some 800 million years, early life evolved the capability to use this more common gas for photosynthesis. (C) ❻ No longer dependent on scarce elements, life on Earth flourished. ❼ As it did, the oxygen produced as a by-product of photosynthesis transformed the biosphere, with a series of 'pulses' increasing the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere from under 1 per cent to today's level of 21 per cent.

"The Evolution of Photosynthesis and the Oxygenation of Earth” "From Scarcity to Abundance: Adapting Photosynthesis for Survival" "Photosynthesis: Harnessing Sunlight and Transforming the Biosphere" "The Impact of Photosynthesis on Earth's Atmosphere and Life" "The Dance of Photosynthesis: Energy Capture and Evolutionary Changes"

[원문 출처]  Fire, Storm and Flood: The violence of climate change James Dyke · 2021 Stromatolites

[한 줄 요약] the evolution of photosynthesis on Earth, where early life initially relied on limited resources but eventually adapted to use carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in oxygen levels and the flourishing of life.

[주요 유의어] emerged: arose, appeared / capture: harness, utilize / delicately crafted: intricately designed high-energy photons: intense light particles, energetic rays / chloroplasts: photosynthetic organelles sugars: carbohydrates, glucose / relative scarcity: limited availability, shortage concentrations: levels, amounts  / evolved: developed, adapted  / biosphere: ecological system, living environment pulses: surges, bursts / atmosphere: air, gases. absence: lack, nonexistence / face-to-face cues: in-person signals, visual and auditory cues erase: eliminate, remove  /  disinhibition: reduced restraint, diminished inhibitions cyberspace: virtual realm, online world  /  experienced: perceived, felt separate entities: distinct individuals, separate beings  / dissolution: breakdown, disintegration psychological independence: individual autonomy, mental freedom  / healthy autonomy: well-being and self-governance.

Exercise 04  |  page 69

❶ Most termites are manual laborers. ❷ Blind and wingless, they maintain and build core civic structures, 1 ensure the citywide climate-control systems are operating optimally, and feed and water those in other professions — the soldiers and the reproductives. ❸ They are also tasked with managing the inner-city fungus farms 2 on which their colonies depend. ❹ Located just below the queen's chambers, the fungus farms are 3 what termites produce the food that sustains a colony. ❺ Every night the workers leave the mound on foraging expeditions, returning only when their guts are packed with grass and wood chips. ❻ When they make it back to the mound they head to the farming chambers. ❼ There, they defecate the 4 partially digested wood and grass, and set about molding this into maze-like structures seeded with fungal spores. ❽ Over time these fungi dissolve the tough cellulose in the wood and grass, transforming 5 it into an energy-rich food that the termites can easily digest.

"Boundaries and Disinhibition in Online Interactions"  "The Blurring of Boundaries: Online Communication and Soliloquies" "Virtual Conversations: Internalizing Voices and Dissolving Boundaries" "Online Interactions: Disinhibition and the Loss of Psychological Independence" "The Impact of Online Communication on Boundaries and Autonomy"

[원문 출처]  Virtually You: The Dangerous Powers of the E-Personality Elias Aboujaoude · 2011 Ch.1 E-Personality

[한 줄 요약] how the absence of in-person cues in online interactions can lead to a blurring of boundaries and disinhibition, where people may internalize the voices of others and experience online conversations as soliloquies, resulting in indiscriminate openness and a dissolution of boundaries between oneself and others, which goes against the goal of psychological independence and healthy autonomy.

[주요 유의어] absence: lack, nonexistence / face-to-face cues: in-person signals, visual and auditory cues erase: eliminate, remove  /  disinhibition: reduced restraint, diminished inhibitions cyberspace: virtual realm, online world  /  experienced: perceived, felt separate entities: distinct individuals, separate beings  / dissolution: breakdown, disintegration psychological independence: individual autonomy, mental freedom  / healthy autonomy: well-being and self-governance.

Exercise 07  |  page 72

❶ Most termites are manual laborers. ❷ Blind and wingless, they maintain and build core civic structures, 1 ensure the citywide climate-control systems are operating optimally, and feed and water those in other professions — the soldiers and the reproductives. ❸ They are also tasked with managing the inner-city fungus farms 2 on which their colonies depend. ❹ Located just below the queen's chambers, the fungus farms are 3 what termites produce the food that sustains a colony. ❺ Every night the workers leave the mound on foraging expeditions, returning only when their guts are packed with grass and wood chips. ❻ When they make it back to the mound they head to the farming chambers. ❼ There, they defecate the 4 partially digested wood and grass, and set about molding this into maze-like structures seeded with fungal spores. ❽ Over time these fungi dissolve the tough cellulose in the wood and grass, transforming 5 it into an energy-rich food that the termites can easily digest.

"The Laborers of Termite Colonies: Workers and Their Essential Tasks"  "The Vital Role of Termites in Colony Functioning" "Termite Workers: Builders, Farmers, and Providers"  "Inside the World of Termites: Workers and their Citywide Contributions" "The Significance of Termite Workers in Colony Survival"

[원문 출처]  Work: A History of How We Spend Our Time James Suzman · 2021 Idle Hands and Busy Beaks

[한 줄 요약] the role of termites as workers in termite colonies, responsible for maintaining civic structures, managing fungus farms, and providing sustenance through the transformation of wood and grass into food.

[주요 유의어] manual laborers: workers, laboring individuals / maintain: upkeep, sustain /  build: construct, erect civic structures: communal edifices, public buildings  / ensure: guarantee, ascertain operating optimally: functioning at peak efficiency, working optimally  / soldiers: defenders, protectors reproductives: breeding individuals, reproductive caste  /  manage: oversee, handle inner-city: internal, within the colony  / fungus farms: fungal cultivations, mushroom gardens colonies depend: colony reliance, dependence of colonies /  produce: generate, create sustains: supports, maintains  / packed with: filled with, loaded with defecate: excrete, eliminate waste  /  partially digested: incompletely broken down, partly processed molding: shaping, forming  / seeded with: infused with, containing dissolve: break down, decompose  / transforming: converting, changing

 

Exercise 08 |  page 73

❶ The main difference between a story and an anecdote is that a story shows transformation over time. ❷ And the only thing that causes transformation is conflict. ❸ Think for a moment about something from your past that you might want to write about. ❹ Was there something you wanted that you had to struggle to get? ❺ Were there any obstacles, challenges, or antagonists that tried to stop you from getting what you wanted? ❻ Was there a moment when all seemed lost, when it seemed like quitting was the only option? ❼ Were you able to overcome those forces opposed to you? ❽ If you answered yes to these questions, you absolutely have a story to tell that is more complicated than simply what happened to you. ❾ Your story is a detailed retelling of how the things that happened to you affected you, what hard decision you made in the face of conflict and struggle, and 1 how you changed or what you learned_as a result.

"The Significance of Trust in Payment Systems"  "Authentication and Finality: Ensuring Trust in Modern Payment Systems" "Cash vs. Electronic Payments: Trust and Irreversibility" "The Role of Banks and Credit Card Companies in Overcoming Trust Issues in Payments"

[원문 출처]  The Future of Money : How the Digital Revolution Is Transforming Currencies and Finance Eswar S. Prasad · 2021 Racing to the Future : A matter of Trust

[한 줄 요약] Trust in payment systems is crucial for the effective operation of a modern economy, and while cash transactions provide instant authentication and irreversibility, electronic payment systems require alternative mechanisms to ensure the same level of trust and finality.

[주요 유의어] imperative: essential, crucial  / smooth functioning: seamless operation, efficient performance intermediated: facilitated, mediated  / final and irreversible: conclusive and unchangeable, ultimate and permanent tangible element: physical component, material aspect  /  explosive growth: rapid expansion, skyrocketing increase confident: assured, certain  /  reverse the transaction: undo the payment, cancel the transaction overcome: resolve, address  / alternative mechanisms: substitute approaches, different methods level of trust: degree of confidence, extent of reliance  /  finality: conclusiveness, irrevocability authentication: verification, validation  / absence of trust: lack of confidence, distrust

Exercise 09  |  page 74

❶ Farming gave farmers more than just food, wood, and fibers. ❷ It also gave them indirect access to new flows of energy. (C) ❸ For example, humans cannot eat grass, but horses and oxen can, so farmers who let horses and oxen graze and then used them for riding or haulage or killed and ate them were tapping into the large flows of photosynthetic energy through grasslands. (A) ❹ That makes quite a difference. ❺ A human can deliver at most about 75 watts of energy, while a horse or ox can deliver up to ten times as much. ❻ All that extra energy could be used to plow the land more deeply than handheld hoes could, or to cart goods or carry people. (B) ❼ Farmers could also increase the production of plants and animals that had other uses besides food, such as flax and cotton, which could be used to make textiles. ❽ Or they could plant trees and use the wood to build homes, farms, barns, and fences, or burn it to cook their food and warm their houses.

"The Multifaceted Benefits of Farming: Energy, Productivity, and Resource Utilization" "Expanding Horizons: The Indirect Energy Gains of Agriculture" "Unlocking Energy Flows through Farming: Enhancing Human Potential" "Harnessing Nature's Energy: The Role of Farming in Human Advancement" "From Food to Energy: The Diverse Contributions of Farming"

[원문 출처]  Origin Story: A Big History of Everything David Christian · 2018 Ch.8 Farming : Threshold 7

[한 줄 요약] Farming provided farmers with more than just sustenance; it granted them access to additional energy sources through livestock and crops, enabling them to enhance agricultural productivity, transportation, and construction.

[주요 유의어] indirect access: secondary means of obtaining, indirect pathway / flows of energy: energy streams, energy resources tapping into: accessing, utilizing  /  photosynthetic energy: solar energy, energy derived from photosynthesis quite a difference: significant impact, substantial contrast  / deliver: provide, supply handheld hoes: manual tools, portable implements /  cart: transport, haul besides: in addition to, apart from  / textiles: fabrics, cloth  / warm: heat, provide warmth

Exercise 10 |  page 75

❶ Compasses have just one purpose — to tell the user where north is. ❷ 1 Armed with such a tool, a naive juvenile bird should always be able to use north as a reference point, and then orientate itself by rotating its body to a point where it is in line with whatever desired migratory heading it has inherited from its parents. ❸ This basic compass orientation 2 is thought to be the cornerstone of migration in naive juvenile birds and has been the subject of exhaustive scientific study. ❹ For decades, researchers have performed increasingly complex and elegant experiments 3 to examine how birds 'read' their internal compass, and how they then use this information to orientate themselves. ❺ Many of these experiments have involved trapping wild birds (or raising them in the lab) and placing 4themselves (→ them) in a cage apparatus overnight, where their desired target orientation can be evaluated from the pattern of marks they leave around the edges of the cage. ❻ By manipulating the information available to these birds — for example, by preventing them from seeing the stars above — researchers have been able to painstakingly unpick the different cues 5 that birds use to orientate themselves.

"The Essential Role of Compasses in Bird Migration"  "Unraveling the Science of Bird Orientation: Insights from Compass Studies" "Understanding How Birds Navigate: Insights from Compass Experiments" "The Significance of North: Compass Orientation in Juvenile Birds"  "Decoding Bird Navigation: Insights from Compass Research"

[원문 출처]  Vagrancy in Birds Alexander Lees, James Gilroy · 2022 Vagrancy in Birds : How Birds Navigate

[한 줄 요약] Compasses serve a single function, which is to indicate the direction of north, and this plays a crucial role in the basic orientation and migration of juvenile birds, as extensively studied by researchers through various experiments.

[주요 유의어] purpose: function, role / naive: inexperienced, inexperienced  / orientate: align, position cornerstone: foundation, fundamental aspect  /  exhaustive: comprehensive, thorough elegant: sophisticated, refined  / evaluate: assess, examine  / cues: signals, indications painstakingly: meticulously, carefully  / unpick: decipher, analyze