2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 3강 01~06 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 01  |  page 6

❶ It would be outrageous if three similar people, convicted of the same crime, received radically different penalties: probation for one, two years in jail for another, and ten years in jail for another. ❷ And yet that outrage can be found in many nations — not only in the distant past but also today. ❸ All over the world, judges have long had a great deal of discretion in deciding on appropriate sentences. ❹ In many nations, experts have celebrated this discretion and have seen it as both just and humane. ❺ They have insisted that criminal sentences should be based on a host of factors involving not only the crime but also the defendant's character and circumstances. ❻ 4 Individualized tailoring was the order of the day. ❼ If judges were constrained by rules, criminals would be treated in a dehumanized way; they would not be seen as unique individuals entitled to draw attention to the details of their situation. ❽ The very idea of due process of law seemed, to many, to call for open-ended judicial discretion.

"The Role of Judicial Discretion in Sentencing"  "Balancing Justice and Humanity: The Case for Judicial Discretion" "Beyond the Crime: The Importance of Individual Circumstances in Sentencing" "The Art of Sentencing: A Look at Judicial Discretion Worldwide"  "Individualized Justice: The Merits and Challenges of Judicial Discretion"

[원문 출처]  "Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them" by Joshua Greene Chapter 6, titled "Us and Them” / "The Paradox of Moral Judgment"..

[한 줄 요약] The demand for recycled products depends on their purity, which is easier to achieve in metals than in plastics due to the high level of contaminants, and hazardous waste in electronic waste poses complex problems.

[주요 유의어] outrageous: egregious, scandalous                                        discretion: autonomy, latitude appropriate: suitable, fitting                                                     celebrated: lauded, acclaimed defendant: respondent, accused                                             individualized: personalized, customized constrained: restricted, limited                                                 unique: distinctive, singular due process: lawful procedure, legal process                         open-ended: unrestricted, unlimited.

► Exercise 02 |  page 7

❶ Sometimes we don't have others around to help us, and we get stuck with having to do it all ourselves. ❷ Pilots have a technique for doing this that's founded on the old adage of "first things first." ❸ This involves giving priority to some things and postponing others. ❹ We do the most important stuff first and let the less important stuff wait. ❺ In aviation, we use a simple prioritization scheme: "aviate, navigate, communicate." ❻ That means we fly the airplane first. ❼ And when that is completely under control, then and only then do we move on to the other two things in the list. ❽ But isn't navigating important? ❾ Sure, it's the second most important thing. ❿ If you lose control of the airplane, no one is going to care whether you crash in eastern Idaho or western Wyoming. ⇫ The whole point is to fly the airplane and not let either of those things happen. ⇬ When you're asked to do two things, don't be afraid to 4 admit you can’t do two things at once..

"The Art of Prioritization: Lessons from Aviation"  "Aviate, Navigate, Communicate: A Guide to Task Management" "First Things First: The Power of Prioritization"  "Learning from Pilots: The Importance of Task Prioritization" "The Principle of Prioritization in Aviation and Life"

[원문 출처]  The Fabric of Reality David Deutsch The Beginning of Infinity / The Fabric of the Multiverse

[한 줄 요약] The importance of prioritization, using the aviation principle of "aviate, navigate, communicate" as an example, which emphasizes handling the most critical tasks first and not being afraid to admit the inability to multitask.

[주요 유의어] stuck: stranded, immobilized                                adage: saying, maxim priority: precedence, primacy                               postponing: deferring, delaying aviation: aeronautics, flight                                  navigate: steer, pilot communicate: correspond, convey                      control: command, mastery crash: collision, wreck                                           admit: acknowledge, concede.

 

Exercise 03  |  page 09

❶ The sober self-disciplined character of the nineteenth century yielded long ago to that of the consumer, endlessly flattered as being in the driving seat, 'free to choose' and urged to enjoy. ❷ Gerda Reith argues that this presents a paradox, citing the passage from Civilization and Its Discontents where Sigmund Freud asserts that civilization requires the renunciation of instinct, as the cause of discontent. ❸ The source of current discontent for consumers is that, on the one hand, they are told to enjoy, to assemble a unique identity from the meanings presented by offerings in the marketplace; on the other, they are warned that they must suppress their desire, constraining their enjoyment within socially approved bounds. ❹ This is heightened today in the age of 'sustainability' and 'prosperity without growth'. ❺ The consumer walks a tightrope in seeking to ensure they 2 are not wrong footed by desire. ❻ The fate for those who cannot maintain their balance is to be labelled a 'disordered' consumer, addicted to any or all of a proliferating number of activities and substances deemed dangerous from alcohol, gambling, caffeine, the Internet, to shopping and credit.

"The Consumer Paradox: Indulgence vs. Restraint"  "Walking the Tightrope: The Modern Consumer's Dilemma" "The Double Bind of Modern Consumerism"  "Between Desire and Discipline: The Consumer's Paradox" "Consumerism in the Age of Sustainability: A Paradox”

[원문 출처]  "Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect" by Matthew D. Lieberman Chapter 4, titled "The Social Pain of Being Excluded”

[한 줄 요약] the paradox faced by consumers in the modern age, who are encouraged to indulge in the marketplace to form their identities, yet are simultaneously warned to restrain their desires within socially acceptable limits, a dilemma that is intensified in the era of 'sustainability' and 'prosperity without growth'.

[주요 유의어] consumer: purchaser, buyer                                        flattered: complimented, praised                    paradox: contradiction, enigma                                   renunciation: rejection, abandonment          instinct: impulse, intuition                                           discontent: dissatisfaction, unrest suppress: subdue, repress                                          sustainability: viability, endurance prosperity: wealth, affluence                                       tightrope: precarious situation, risky path  disordered: dysfunctional, disturbed                         proliferating: multiplying, expanding.

 

Exercise 04  |  page 09

❶ Reasoning by analogy can lead experts to develop poor solutions when faced with new but seemingly familiar situations. ❷ When reasoning by analogy, a person starts with a new, unfamiliar target problem to solve. ❸ She then considers other source settings she knows well and compares them to the target through a process of similarity mapping. ❹ By finding a source problem she believes has similar characteristics as the target, she identifies a candidate solution that solved or could have solved the source problem. ❺ The whole process may be summed up like this: "I've seen something like this before, so what worked there may work here." ❻ While analogical reasoning can be a valuable source of insight and creativity, it can lead to poor solutions when problem solvers develop analogies based on superficial similarities instead of deep causal traits. ❼ When problem solvers have deep experience in a particular domain, their knowledge is salient and easy to recall, which can lead them to pay more attention to characteristics of the new setting that seem similar and ignore those that are different, and to develop superficial analogies and poor solutions. ❽ 2 Experience can be a poor guide when working outside your area of expertise or when the nature of your work changes.

"The Double-Edged Sword of Analogical Reasoning"  "When Similarity Misleads: The Pitfalls of Reasoning by Analogy" "Beyond Surface Similarities: The Risks of Analogical Reasoning"  "The Dangers of Superficial Analogies in Problem Solving" "Experience and Misguidance: The Perils of Analogical Reasoning”

[원문 출처]  Pedagogy of the Oppressed Paulo Freire The Banking Concept of Education / Competition and Individualism

[한 줄 요약] Summary the potential pitfalls of reasoning by analogy, highlighting how experts can develop ineffective solutions when they baseanalogies on superficial resemblances rather than deep causal attributes, particularly when working outside their area of expertise or when the nature of their work changes.

[주요 유의어] reasoning: logic, deduction                                                    analogy: comparison, correlation unfamiliar: unknown, unacquainted                                       similarity: likeness, resemblance  characteristics: features, attributes                                        superficial: surface-level, shallow causal: consequential, resultant                                            salient: prominent, noticeable recall: remember, recollect                                                     expertise: proficiency, skill                                                        nature: character, essence.

Exercise 05 |  page 10

❶ In a study, infants are first habituated to some recurring event — for example, a toy car that rolls down an inclined ramp, passes behind one end of a screen, and exits at the other end. ❷ Initially, this event is quite interesting and infants attend to it closely; eventually, however, looking times drop off, reflecting the fact that the babies are habituating to the familiar event. ❸ Following habituation, the infants see a box placed behind a screen. ❹ In one experimental condition (the possible event) the box is placed behind the tracks on which the car runs; in the other experimental condition (the impossible event) the box is placed directly on the tracks. ❺ The screen is then set back in place, and the car again makes its journey from one side to the other. ❻ Infants show little dishabituation to the possible event; looking times shoot up, however, when the car appears to pass magically through another solid object. ❼ Note that the babies cannot see the car and box at the point of their apparent contact; rather, they can be surprised by the impossible event only if they realize that 5 both the car and box continue to exist while out of sight.

"Infants and Object Permanence: A Study of Surprise"  "Understanding the Invisible: Infants' Perception of Hidden Objects" "The Magic Car Experiment: Infants' Recognition of Impossible Events" "Out of Sight, Not Out of Mind: Infants' Understanding of Object Continuity" "The Hidden Box Experiment: Exploring Infants' Cognitive Abilities"

[원문 출처]  The Handmade Skateboard Matt Berger Working with Solid Wood / The Reverence for Material and the Interconnectedness of Life

[한 줄 요약] A study where infants, initially habituated to a toy car's movement, show increased attention when the car appears to pass through a solid object, suggesting their understanding of the continued existence of objects even when out of sight.

[주요 유의어] habituated: accustomed, adapted                                  recurring: repeating, reoccurring inclined: sloped, slanted                                                 screen: barrier, partition  experimental: trial, test                                                   possible: feasible, viable impossible: unfeasible, impracticable                             magically: mysteriously, inexplicably realize: understand, comprehend.

Exercise 06  |  page 11

❶ Consciousness is the smallest player in the operations of the brain. ❷ For better understanding, consider a newspaper. ❸ When you pick up a newspaper, you won't be surprised that none of the details of the activity in a nation are listed in the paper; after all, you want to know the bottom line. ❹ You want to know that Congress just signed a new tax law that affects your family, but the detailed origin of the idea isn't especially important to that new bottom line. ❺ You don't care how the garbage is produced and packed away; you only care if it's going to end up in your backyard. ❻ That's what you get from reading the newspaper. ❼ Your conscious mind is that newspaper. ❽ Your brain buzzes with activity around the clock, and, just like the nation, almost everything occurs locally: small groups are constantly making decisions and sending out messages to other groups. ❾ Out of these local interactions emerge larger coalitions. ❿ By the time you read a mental headline, the important action has already occurred, the deals are done. ⇫ You have little access to what happened behind the scenes. ⇬ Entire political movements gain ground-up support and become unstoppable before you ever

"The Conscious Mind: A Newspaper of the Brain" "Behind the Scenes of Consciousness: The Brain's Local Interactions" "Understanding Consciousness: The Last to Know"  "The Brain's Headlines: How Consciousness Emerges" "Consciousness: The Final Product of the Brain's Buzzing Activity"

[원문 출처]  "The Book of Human Emotions" by Tiffany Watt Smith Chapter 4, titled “Sensation" / "Sensations solidify the world"

[한 줄 요약] Likens consciousness to a newspaper, suggesting it's the end product of numerous local interactions within the brain, and by the time we become aware of a thought or feeling, the significant processes have already taken place, much like reading the final news headline.

[주요 유의어] consciousness: awareness, perception                           operations: functions, processes newspaper: periodical, publication                                   bottom line: conclusion, outcome local: regional, area-specific                                             coalitions: alliances, unions behind the scenes: backstage, out of sight                      political movements: campaigns, crusades unstoppable: invincible, unbeatable                                  information: data, intelligence.