2024학년도 수능특강 영어 6강 원문 분석 (2023)

수능특강 # / 원문 출처 / 지문 / 지문 한 줄 분석입니다.

► Exercise 01  |  page 31

❶ Nobody has to teach a child to demand fair treatment; children protest unfairness vigorously and as soon as they can communicate. ❷ Nobody has to teach us to admire a person who sacrifices for a group; the admiration for duty is universal. ❸ Nobody has to teach us to disdain someone who betrays a friend or is disloyal to a family or tribe. ❹ Nobody has to teach a child the difference between rules that are moral — “Don’t hit” — and rules that are not — “Don’t chew gum in school." ❺ These preferences also emerge from somewhere deep inside us. ❻ Just as we have a natural suite of emotions to help us love and be loved, so, too, we have a natural suite of moral emotions to make us disapprove of people who violate social commitments, and approve of people who reinforce them. ❼ There is no society on earth where people are praised for running away in battle.

 

The Innate Nature of Morality

[원문 출처]  "The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion" by Jonathan Haidt. Intuitions First, Strategic Reasoning Second / The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail

[한 줄 요약] Our natural moral emotions, such as disapproval of social commitments being violated and approval of those who reinforce them,  emerge from within us, and are universal across societies.

[주요 유의어] Fair treatment - Just treatment, equitable treatment  Sacrifices - Selflessness, devotion, altruism Betrayal - Treachery, disloyalty, perfidy  Moral rules - Ethical rules, virtuous rules, principled rules Preferences - Inclinations, predispositions, tendencies  Moral emotions - Ethical emotions, virtuous emotions, principled emotions Social commitments - Obligations, duties, responsibilities

► Exercise 02  |  page 31

❶ In a recent presidential election, one of our local comedians compiled a list of all the recommendations being made by both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the presidency. ❷ He then switched them, and asked committed Democratic and Republican supporters about them. ❸ Democratic voters were told their candidate thought the American military needed to be strengthened, the national borders more tightly controlled, and voter identification efforts strengthened. ❹ As for those committed to the Republican candidate, he questioned them about their support of their candidate’s (supposed) statements underscoring the need to expand national health care, create a more equitable tax system, and increase the minimum wage. ❺ In every case, the supporters did not question the veracity of the list. ❻ Instead, they began justifying their candidate’s positions. ❼ It was as if it did not matter what the facts were; once they had made up their minds who they were voting for, their job was to support him, not question him.                                                                                                                

Blind Support: How Political Affiliation Affects Perception of Policy

[원문 출처]  Undefined

[한 줄 요약] A comedian switched the policy recommendations of the Democratic and Republican candidates during a presidential election, and found that committed supporters of each candidate justified their positions instead of questioning them.

[주요 유의어] veracity: truthfulness, accuracy  committed: dedicated, loyal  underscoring: emphasizing, highlighting equitable: fair, just  justifying: defending, rationalizing political polarization, confirmation bias, and cognitive dissonance(occurs when a person's beliefs or actions contradict each other, causing discomfort, and leading to attempts to rationalize or justify their beliefs or actions)

 

 

Exercise 03  |  page 32

❶ You may believe that all forms of negative thinking are unnecessary, extreme, and irrational. ❷ Nothing could be further from the truth. ❸ Quite often, you might experience unpleasant, tragic, and upsetting events in your life that you believe to be negative. ❹ As a result of these beliefs, you experience unpleasant emotions. ❺ If you are perceiving a situation accurately, your distressing emotions will serve a useful function for you. ❻ For example, if a close friend has died and you are extremely sad because you miss your close relationship, crying, grieving, and sadness will allow you to work through the difficult situation and incorporate it into your experience so that you can move on with your life. ❼ Only when the thoughts take on an unrealistically negative and distorted quality (e.g., “my life is over because my friend is gone; the same fate will soon befall me; I have nothing left to look forward to in my life”) is it likely that you will experience emotions and behavioral reactions that are dysfunctional and self- defeating.

The Role of Negative Thinking in Emotion Regulation

[원문 출처]  Undefined The role of negative thinking and emotions in coping with difficult situations

[한 줄 요약] Negative thinking is not always irrational, as distressing emotions can serve a useful function when accurately perceiving a situation, such as allowing individuals to work through difficult situations and move on with their lives.

[주요 유의어] Negative thinking: Pessimistic thoughts, gloomy mindset, unfavorable outlook. Distorted quality: Exaggerated, unrealistic, skewed, twisted perception.  Dysfunctional: Unproductive, unhelpful, maladaptive. Self-defeating: Counterproductive, harmful, sabotaging.  Emotions: Feelings, sentiments, reaction

 

Exercise 04  |  page 34

❶ Evolution theory is being challenged. ❷ Darwin saw evolution as a gradual process of natural selection and survival of the fittest as the most likely phenomenon. ❸ Now evolutionists such as paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould argue that evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stability that are punctuated by sudden changes, followed by more stability, followed by more changes, and so on. ❹ One hypothesis on why this occurs is that changes in environment cause species to diversify and specialize into several new niches, creating new lineages. ❺ In Gould’s theory, a species will be unchanged for thousands or hundreds of thousands of years and then suddenly something will happen that will change it (perhaps gene-splicing?) or even wipe it out. ❻ Gould’s theory can be thought of as macroevolution — periodic sudden large changes, and the normal concept of gradual evolution can be thought of as microevolution — a continuous, almost unnoticeable succession of small changes.

Blind Support: How Political Affiliation Affects Perception of Policy

[원문 출처]  Undefined

[한 줄 요약] Evolution is not always a gradual process of natural selection, but rather characterized by long periods of stability punctuated by sudden changes, according to the punctuated equilibrium theory proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould.

[주요 유의어] Challenged: questioned, disputed, contested  Gradual: slow, steady, continuous  Natural selection: survival of the fittest Paleontologists: scientists who study fossils  Stability: equilibrium, balance, steadiness  Punctuated: interrupted, sporadic Gene-splicing: genetic modification, genetic engineering Macroevolution: large-scale evolution  Microevolution: small-scale evolution, gradual evolution