2024학년도 수능특강 영어 16강 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 01  |  page 94

❶ When we are in groups, we tend to feel that we, personally, aren’t as responsible as we would be if we were acting on our own. ❷ So the decisions that the group makes can easily become extreme. ( 1 ) ❸ Occasionally, groups reach riskier decisions — they decide to take actions which are more challenging or unsafe than they should be. ( 2 ) ❹ Sometimes, though, they make choices that are too cautious. ( 3 ) ❺ It’s known as group polarization: a tendency towards extremes. ( 4 ) ❻ A lot depends on how the discussions in the group develop. ( 5❼ If one person is advocating a risky strategy early on, others may begin to think of even more challenging examples, and that leads the discussion towards reaching a riskier decision.) ❽ But if someone advocates more cautious approaches at an early stage, this too can influence the direction of the discussion, resulting in a more cautious decision than the group members might have made individually.

Group Polarization and Decision Making
[원문 출처]  Social Psychology by Eliot R. Smith and Diane M. Mackie Group Processes
[한 줄 요약] When people make decisions in groups, they may become more extreme than they would be on their own, with some groups making overly cautious decisions and others taking unnecessary risks due to the influence of discussion and individual attitudes.
[주요 유의어]

 

 

► Exercise 02  |  page 94

❶ Advertising in the United States is a relatively large and stable marketplace with a dollar volume of activity closely tied to the overall health of the economy. ( 1 ) ❷ The same is true of other mature industrialized nations, especially those of Western Europe. ( 2 ) ❸ One significant difference, however, is the way commercial media evolved. ( 3 ) ❹ In the United States, radio and television systems began as commercial ventures; in many other countries media were largely or completely government supported for years. ( 4 ) ❺ Different models of commercial support are still evolving and the precise configurations vary by country. ( 5❻ This evolution does not mean, however, that governments are uninvolved in steering the development of media.) ❼ As Joseph Straubhaar observes, television systems are often “stubbornly national,” which means advertisers must tailor “global” media plans to the regulatory policies and cultural expectations of individual countries.                                                                                     

Advertising and Commercial Media in Mature Industrialized Nations

[원문 출처]  Mass Media and Society by James Curran and Michael Gurevitch Advertising, public relations and commercial culture / Evolution of the Advertising Industry

[한 줄 요약] Advertising in the US and other mature industrialized nations is closely tied to the economy, but the evolution and government involvement in commercial media differ between countries, and global advertisers must consider national regulations and cultural expectations.

[주요 유의어]

 

Exercise 03  |  page 95

❶ Some people think that facts are the same as events, which they regard as the “objective,” “hard core” elements of this universe. ❷ The main reason for thinking this is that events seem the best candidates to offer us a rock-solid foundation for our facts. ( 1 ) ❸ True, events do happen or do not happen; you can neglect them but not deny them. ( 2 ) ❹ So by replacing facts with events, we might think we have found the strong objective foundation that we strive for. ( 3❺ However, facts and events are concepts very different from each other.) ❻ Unlike facts, events are dated, tied to space and time, whereas facts are detached from space and time. ( 4 ) ❼ It is even considered a fact that certain events did not occur; it is a fact, for instance, that Darwin did not have a copy of Mendel's 1866 article in his collection. ( 5 ) ❽ Apparently, a fact is not the same as an event; the best we can say is that a fact is a description of an event, but not the event itself.

The Difference between Facts and Events

[원문 출처]  "Facts and the Function of Truth" by philosopher Richard J. Bernstein

[한 줄 요약] While events are tied to specific times and places, facts are detached from them, and a fact is a description of an event rather than the event itself.

[주요 유의어]

 

Exercise 04  |  page 95

❶ Why are certain languages mistakenly thought to be primitive? ❷ There are several reasons. ❸ Some people consider other languages ugly or “primitive sounding" if those languages make use of sounds or sound combinations they find 1 clear(→ unclear or inarticulate) because the sounds are greatly different from those of the languages they themselves speak. ❹ Such a view is based on the ethnocentric attitude that the characteristics of one’s own language are obviously 2 superior. ❺ But words that seem unpronounceable to speakers of one language — and are therefore considered obscure or even grotesque — are easily acquired by even the youngest 3 native speakers of the language in which they occur. ❻ To a native speaker of English, the Czech word scvrnkls “you flicked off (something) with your finger" looks quite strange, and its pronunciation may sound odd and even 4 impossible because there is no vowel among the eight consonants; for native speakers of Czech, of course, scvrnkls is just another word. ❼ Which speech sounds are used and how they are combined to form words and utterances vary from one language to the next, and speakers of no language can 5 claim that their language has done the selecting and combining better than another.

Decision-Making Practices in Organizations

[원문 출처]  "Organizational Behavior" by Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge Foundations of Group Behavior / Group Decision Making

[한 줄 요약] Organizations differ in the extent to which decision-making is shared, from strongly centralized to highly participatory, and research shows that participatory decision-making is more effective when workers are highly educated and knowledgeable, the task is complex and knowledge about local conditions is important, and during times of crisis.

[주요 유의어]

Exercise 05  |  page 96

❶ Insects attract collectors' attention because they are extremely diverse and often bear spectacular colors. ( 1 ) ❷ To biologists, however, bright coloration has been a constantly renewed puzzle because it makes an insect a highly visible prey to prospective predators. ( 2 ) ❸ Charles Darwin understood that bright colors or exaggerated forms could evolve via sexual selection, the process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities. ( 3 ) ❹ However, he felt sexual selection could not account for the striking color pattern of nonreproductive larvae in, for example, Pseudosphinx hawk moth caterpillars. ( 4❺ In a reply to Darwin about this puzzle, Alfred R. Wallace proposed that bright colors could advertise the distastefulness of the caterpillars to experienced predators. ) ❻ Indeed, prey that are not edible to predators are predicted to gain by exhibiting very recognizable colors; experienced predators can then correctly identify and subsequently avoid attacking such prey. ( 5 ) ❼ E. B. Poulton later developed this idea, expanded it to other warning signals (i.e., sounds or smells), and coined the term aposematism to describe this phenomenon (from the Greek “away” and “sign”).

The Evolution of Bright Colors in Insects.

[원문 출처]  "The Puzzle of Bright Coloration in Animals” by Mary F. Willson "Aposematism"

[한 줄 요약] Insects' bright coloration has puzzled biologists as it makes them more visible to predators, but it is now understood that it can serve as an advertisement of their distastefulness, a phenomenon called aposematism.

[주요 유의어]

Exercise 06  |  page 97

❶ In ancient and medieval times considerable respect was accorded to language by those working in the scientific field. ❷ According to the ancient metaphysical Weltanschauung, it was believed that the structure of reality and of thought were so closely allied that they were interchangeable. ( 1 ) ❸ A logical statement — not only a matter of thinking but also of linguistics — was automatically a true statement of reality. ( 2 ) ❹ Since such a statement happened to be true, it did not need to be subjected to experimental testing. ( 3❺ However, in modern times it was realized for the first time that trust in the accord between reality and thinking was based on a grossly exaggerated notion of the scope of human reason. ) ❻ In order to discover whether a logical statement (i.e. the logical language) was really true (i.e. agreed with reality), the statement should be tested against empirical reality in an experiment. ( 4 ) ❼ The emphasis on the physical experiment is characteristic of modern science. ( 5 ) ❽ Later again it was realized that even this approach overrated the importance of thinking: from the outset research should be directed by experiments, although that experimental action — like any action — required the support of logical thought.

The evolution of the relationship between language and science.

[원문 출처]  "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas S. Kuhn "The Route to Normal Science" / "The Nature of Normal Science”

[한 줄 요약] In ancient times, people believed that logical statements were automatically true statements of reality but in modern times it has been realized that experiments are necessary to test the truth of a logical statement against empirical reality.

[주요 유의어]