2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 2강 01~06 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 01  |  page 12

❶ The 1 purity of recycled products plays a key role in explaining the strength of demand for them. ❷ One of the reasons for the high rate of aluminum recycling and the much lower rate of plastics recycling is the differential difficulty with which a high-quality product can be produced from discarded materials. ❸ Whereas bundles of aluminum cans have a relatively uniform quality, waste plastics tend to be highly contaminated with nonplastic substances or with plastics of very different types, and the plastics manufacturing process has little tolerance for impurities. ❹ Remaining contaminants in metals can frequently be eliminated by high-temperature combustion, but plastics are destroyed at such high temperatures. ❺ Finally, waste that contains hazardous materials, such as mercury and lead, raises additional complexities. ❻ The rapidly growing stream of electronic waste (e-waste) contains both hazardous waste and valuable minerals, creating complicated dilemmas. ❼ Markets for discarded electronics in industrializing countries may lack good enforcement mechanisms to ensure proper disposal of the hazardous components.

The challenges of recycling: the role of purity and contaminants.

[원문 출처]  "Environmental Economics and Management: Theory, Policy, and Applications" by Scott J. Callan and Janet M. Thomas Chapter 15. ”Solid Waste Management and Disposal” / "Recycling".

[한 줄 요약] The demand for recycled products depends on their purity, which is easier to achieve in metals than in plastics due to the high level of contaminants, and hazardous waste in electronic waste poses complex problems.

[주요 유의어]

 

► Exercise 02 |  page 19

❶ 4 Swift geographical expansion was one of the factors that undermined democracy in the Middle East. ❷ Early democracy in pre-Islamic Arabia, as in many other human societies, was a small- scale, face-to-face affair; elders from individual tribal groups would assemble, discuss, and reach some sort of a conclusion. ❸ The process was an informal one, precisely because the circumstances allowed for informality. ❹ With the Islamic conquests, the question was posed of how to govern not in a face-to- face setting but instead across distances of hundreds and even thousands of miles. ❺ Some scholars have suggested that in this situation what was needed was the practice eventually adopted by Europeans: a form of political representation that could allow for democratic governance over large distances. ❻ But Europeans took centuries of trial and error to arrive at this solution; the inhabitants of the Islamic world would have needed to figure this out within a matter of decades.                                                               

The challenge of democracy in the Islamic world after the Arab conquests.

[원문 출처]  The Islamic Enlightenment: The Modern Struggle Between Faith and Reason" by Christopher de Bellaigue Chapter 1.”The Tribes” / "The first Islamic democrats"

[한 줄 요약] The rapid expansion of the Islamic world made it difficult to govern democratically across large distances, and the need for political representation was not immediately resolved.

[주요 유의어]

 

Exercise 03  |  page 20

❶ One can fully understand a physical process like the spider's web-weaving without being a spider — without ourselves being in a position to engage in this process and so without knowing what it feels like to perform the activity. ❷ But one cannot fully understand a cognitive process like color-vision or symbol-interpretation or anger without experiencing that sort of thing. ❸ It is one thing to explain how operations originate and another to know what it is like to perform them. ❹ The physiology of inebriation can be learned by everyone. ❺ But only the person who drinks can comprehend it in the "inner" experiential mode of cognitive access. ❻ The mental performances that reflect meaning and purpose can be understood only from within 2 the orbit of experience (though their occurrence can doubtless be detected and accounted for through external scientific-causal examination). ❼ Talk of meaning, intending, purposing, and the like is bound to experience — to performer's perspective — and thus differs from the neurophysiology of brain processes which is wholly accessible to external observers.

Understanding Cognitive Processes from an Experiential Perspective.

[원문 출처]  Consciousness Explained Daniel Dennett The Explanatory Gap / The Limitations of Objective Knowledge

[한 줄 요약] While we can understand physical processes like spider web-weaving without experiencing it, understanding cognitive processes like color-vision and symbol-interpretation can only be achieved through personal experience and perspective, and cannot be fully accessed through external observation.

[주요 유의어]

 

Exercise 04  |  page 21

❶ An emerging organizing theme in neuroscience is that 5 the brain has evolved, fundamentally, to make predictions. ❷ The claim here is not that the business of anticipating events is one of the brain's important chores: it is the main reason for having (big) brains in the first place. ❸ It's a perspective that seems counterintuitive at first, but you will warm up to it as soon as you see how the brain handles otherwise puzzling facts. ❹ The core idea is as follows. ❺ We can interact with the world in an infinite number of ways. ❻ Such complexity would quickly overwhelm us. ❼ So for behavior to be purposeful and timely in such a high- dimensional environment, the set of possible choices must be pruned. ❽ We accomplish this by continuously, automatically and, importantly, unconsciously generating expectations that meaningfully inform — constrain — perception and action at every moment in life. ❾ Even when we daydream and don't engage in a specific activity the brain doesn't idle but actively produces predictions that anticipate future events.

Advancing technology and notions of privacy.

[원문 출처]  The Circle Dave Eggers The Prying Eyes of the New Public Space

[한 줄 요약] Going out into public space provides implicit consent to be viewed, but physically private spaces are still considered to be in the realm of privacy.

[주요 유의어]

Exercise 05 |  page 22

❶ Franz Boas, the founder of American anthropology, was among the first scientists to challenge the taxonomic approach to human biological variation. ❷ Specifically, he wanted to test the widely held notion that head shape and other so-called racial markers were static entities, essentially unchanging through time. ❸ In the early 1900s, he and his researchers studied some 18,000 immigrant families, calculating the cephalic index — the ratio of head length to head breadth — of parents born in Europe and of their children born in the United States. ❹ The results of this study revealed that the adults' and children's head shapes differed, not by a lot but by a degree that could be expressed mathematically. ❺ This finding undermined the idea, prevalent at the time, that 1 racial types were innately stable. ❻ Because the differences that had been cited among various races were not unchangeable, Boas concluded that the race concept was invalid. ❼ Boas's work laid the foundation for a scientific focus on biological process rather than on typological classification.

Franz Boas's challenge to the idea of racial types as innately stable.

[원문 출처]  A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race, and Human History Nicholas Wade Boas and After / Challenging the Race Concept

[한 줄 요약] Franz Boas and his research team's study of 18,000 immigrant families revealed that the shape of adults' and children's heads differed, which led Boas to conclude that the race concept was invalid.

[주요 유의어]

Exercise 06  |  page 23

❶ It is important to realize that policymakers do not have very much information at the time when they must make policy decisions. ❷ For instance, the consumer price index is available only with a one-month lag, so our knowledge of inflation is always running a month behind the actual economy. ❸ The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is even worse. ❹ The GDP data are available only quarterly, and we do not find out about GDP until well after a quarter ends, and even then substantial revisions to the numbers often occur many months after the quarter. ❺ The point is simply that the Federal Reserve, the Monetary Policy Committee, and other policymaking institutions must formulate policy today on the basis of less than complete knowledge of the current situation, and the policy must be addressed to a best guess of the future situation. ❻ It is like trying to drive a car looking only in the rearview mirror. ❼ You can see where you have been, but you must make decisions about where you will go next without knowing exactly where you are currently.

The Challenge of Making Policy Decisions with Incomplete Information

[원문 출처]  Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy William J. Baumol Introduction to Macroeconomics / Why Is Macroeconomics Hard?

[한 줄 요약] Policymakers must make decisions based on incomplete information, with economic indicators such as inflation and GDP only becoming available with a delay and sometimes substantial revisions, leading to the need to make decisions based on educated guesses about the future.

[주요 유의어]