2024학년도 수능특강 영어 영어독해연습 8강 01~06 원문 분석 (2023)

► Exercise 01  |  page 90

❶ Because industrial robots are usually programmed to repeat precise manipulations, such as welding or paint spraying, their working environment is often carefully designed so that intricate sensory feedback is unnecessary — the robot performs its repetitive tasks in an accurate, efficient, but 1 essentially unintelligent way, without having to take much notice of the world around it. ❷ Although they make use of sensors to help control and fine-tune their movements, and 2 to avoid major collisions, the behavior of such robots cannot be said to be in any way intelligent. ❸ If the car on the production line is misaligned or is not the expected shape, the robot cannot react to the new set of circumstances — it can only repeat its 3 pre-programmed movements. ❹ While these limitations are manageable in the highly controlled environment of a production line, they become problematic if a robot is to 4 be used in less-structured and less-predictable circumstances. ❺ More complex cases involving untidy or dynamic or noisy environments, or delicate manipulations of objects, usually 5 requiring(→ require) more sophisticated sensory feedback and perceptual processing — for instance the use of a vision system to help guide a robot to the desired location.

"The Role and Limitations of Industrial Robots in Controlled Environments" "Intelligence vs. Repetition: Exploring the Behavior of Industrial Robots" "Sensory Feedback and Perceptual Processing in Industrial Robotics" "Challenges of Applying Industrial Robots in Dynamic Environments" "Enhancing Robot Performance: The Role of Sensory Feedback"

[원문 출처]  Robots: What Everyone Needs to Know® Phil Husbands · 2021 Do they all behave in the same way?

[한 줄 요약] Industrial robots, programmed for precise repetitive tasks, typically operate in carefully designed environments without requiring complex sensory feedback, but their limitations become apparent in less-structured and unpredictable situations that demand more sophisticated perceptual processing.

[주요 유의어] precise: exact, accurate / manipulations: operations, actions  / essentially: fundamentally, primarily unintelligent: lacking intelligence, non-intelligent  / sensors: detectors, devices avoid: prevent, evade  / pre-programmed: predefined, predetermined  / manageable: controllable, feasible less-structured: unstructured, loosely organized  / sophisticated: advanced, complex perceptual: sensory, cognitive

► Exercise 02 |  page 91

❶ Only recently in their evolutionary history have humans had the luxury of eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner without having to forage or hunt. ❷ Animals living in the wild, including humans, evolved in environments where food was sparse and meals were obtained only intermittently. ❸ 1 This is perhaps best illustrated by predators such as wolves and lions, who commonly kill a prey animal only once every week or so. ❹ 2 When the predators are in a food-deprived or fasted state, they must be able to determine where they are most likely to find prey and then expend the physical effort required to catch and kill their prey. ❺ 3 Given that a new species of predators has evolved that can run faster than before, the most favored prey of this predator will also need to evolve a faster running speed to prevent becoming extinct. ❻ 4 Individuals whose brains and bodies functioned optimally when in a fasted state were those that survived and passed their genes on to the next generation. ❼ 5 Evolution has "sculpted" our cells and organ systems such that they respond to intermittent fasting in ways that enable them to function optimally.

"The Evolutionary Significance of Intermittent Feeding Patterns" "Adaptations to Scarce Food Environments: Lessons from Predators" "Fasting and Evolution: The Impact on Survival and Gene Transmission" "The Role of Food Scarcity in Shaping Human Evolution"

[원문 출처]  The Intermittent Fasting Revolution : The Science of Optimizing Health and Enhancing Performance Mark P. Mattson · 2023 Preface

[한 줄 요약] Neuroscientists, like David Eagleman, have conducted research exploring the brain's internal timing mechanisms, demonstrating how our perception of time can be influenced by the events we use as reference points, as observed in experiments with fast and slow-motion videos and a fixed-duration red dot.

[주요 유의어] luxury: privilege, advantage / forage: search, hunt / sparse: scarce, limited intermittently: sporadically, periodically / illustrated: exemplified, demonstrated predators: hunters, carnivores / prey: quarry, victim / food-deprived: hungry, starved expended: used, exerted / optimal: ideal, optimum / sculpted: shaped, molded intermittent: sporadic, periodic

Exercise 03  |  page 92

❶ At some point, you, as a leader of creative people, have probably heard the phrase "Let's let the 'creatives' handle that." ❷ It's as if there were some mythical box where complexity goes in one end and amazingness comes out the other. ❸ You're handed problems and told to "do your magic.“ (C) ❹ Often, this is because the creative process is opaque to your stakeholders and clients — they don't see the many decisions that you had to make and the ideas you chose not to act upon. ❺ They often just see the result. (A) ❻ To some extent, this can be an advantage because you don't have to justify every choice you make. ❼ On the other hand, it can also work against you when you are expected to work miracles with too few resources and too little time. (B) ❽ Worse, if you go above and beyond and exceed everyone’s expectations once, those expectations rise next time ("You did it last time — why can't you do it again?"). ❾ As the leader, it's your job to shine a bit of light on the process and help your stakeholders understand your team's abilities, capacity, and constraints.

"Navigating the Perception of Creatives as Magicians"  "Unveiling the Mystique of Creative Problem Solving" "Balancing Expectations and Resources in Leading Creative Teams” "Managing Stakeholder Understanding of the Creative Process" "The Dual Nature of Creative Expectations: Advantages and Challenges"

[원문 출처]  Herding Tigers: Be the Leader That Creative People Need Todd Henry · 2018 How to Draw Darth Vader

[한 줄 요약] As a leader of creative individuals, you have likely encountered the notion of entrusting complex tasks to the creative team, as if they possess a mystical ability to transform complexity into remarkable outcomes, but it is crucial to shed light on the creative process to manage expectations and convey the team's capabilities, limitations, and the need for adequate resources and time.

[주요 유의어] mythical: legendary, fictional / complexity: intricacy, intricateness  / amazingness: brilliance, excellence opaque: unclear, obscure  /  stakeholders: clients, audience /  justify: explain, rationalize advantage: benefit, asset  / exceed: surpass, outperform  /  constraints: limitations, restrictions capacity: capability, potential

Exercise 04  |  page 93

❶ Democracy, understood as "government of the people by the people," is, according to Plato, not the best way of organizing the political system. ❷ Why not? ❸ In Republic, he criticized precisely the two distinctive features of democracy: freedom and equality. ❹ Although freedom was of precious value to him, he was aware of the danger of excessive freedom because it allowed people to do what they liked, (A) [it / which] could then lead to anarchy. ❺ He was also critical about the value of equality, as it would permit everyone to have the right to rule guided by the illusion that everybody would have the capacity to (B) [do / be] so. ❻ Moreover, it would create space for power-seeking individuals who are motivated by personal gain rather than taking care of the public good. ❼ Democracy would be highly corruptible and would open the gate to demagogues and potential dictators. ❽ As an unstable political system, democracy, (C) [vulnerable / vulnerably] as it would be to anarchy and tyranny, would lack virtuous leaders with the proper skills and morals who excel in competent leadership.

"Plato's Critique of Democracy: Freedom, Equality, and the Flaws" "The Challenges and Dangers of Democracy According to Plato" "Examining Plato's Concerns about Democracy: Anarchy, Corruption, and Leadership" "The Paradox of Democracy: Plato's Perspectives on Freedom and Equality”

[원문 출처]  Liberation in the Face of Uncertainty Hubert J. M. Hermans · 2022 Plato’s Skepticism about Democracy

[한 줄 요약] Plato argues that democracy, characterized by freedom and equality, is not the optimal form of government as it can lead to anarchy,ill-equipped rulers, corruption, and the rise of demagogues and potential dictators, lacking virtuous leaders with competent leadership skills and morals.

[주요 유의어] government: political system, governance / organizing: structuring, arranging criticized: condemned, censured  / distinctive: characteristic, unique excessive: undue, exaggerated  / anarchy: chaos, disorder value: importance, significance /  capacity: ability, capability demagogues: populists, agitators  / virtuous: ethical, moral competent: capable, skilled  / morals: ethics, principles

 

Exercise 07 |  page 96

❶ An accelerating growth of the importance of the service sector is typical of the development of the contemporary economy. ❷ The number of service-oriented business entities 1 is continuously increasing. ❸ They face the necessity to constantly improve their competitiveness in order to win and sustain a desired position on the market. ❹ To achieve this, they seek the best methods to communicate with customers, create and influence the demand, and 2 shape a customer-friendly environment. ❺ Consequently, a growing interest in identifying and developing marketing mechanisms and instruments 3 that would be applicable to the service sector is observed. ❻ Thus, marketing science, primarily pertaining to the overall circumstances and activities related to the process of selling and buying of products (that is of tangible, saleable goods), 4having (→ has) in recent decades been extended to services. ❼ Hence, a separate branch of services marketing, with its numerous sub-fields meeting the needs of specific services 5 offered, has developed.

"The Rise of the Service Sector: Challenges and Opportunities" "The Growing Significance of Service-Oriented Businesses in the Contemporary Economy" "Marketing in the Service Sector: Adapting Strategies for Competitive Advantage" "Expanding Marketing Science to Include Services: The Evolution of Services Marketing" "Meeting the Needs of the Service Industry: Developing Effective Marketing Mechanisms"

[원문 출처]  Cultural Heritage Marketing : A Relationship Marketing Approach to Conservation Services Izabella Parowicz · 2018 2. Applicability of Marketing in the Area of Heritage Conservation

[한 줄 요약] The contemporary economy is characterized by the increasing importance of the service sector, leading to the growth of service-oriented businesses and a demand for effective marketing strategies to enhance competitiveness and customer satisfaction.

[주요 유의어] accelerating: increasing, growing / development: evolution, progression /  importance: significance, relevance continuously: constantly, consistently  / competitiveness: market position, competitive edge communicate: interact, engage  /  influence: shape, impact  / demand: customer needs, market demand customer-friendly: user-friendly, consumer-centric /  identifying: recognizing, determining applicable: suitable, relevant  / extended: expanded, broadened / numerous: multiple, various sub-fields: specialized areas, branches

Exercise 08 |  page 97

❶ The speed with which self-help books fly off the shelves would seem to suggest that they really do improve our lives. ❷ But I have a wise friend who points out that whenever there are multiple solutions to one problem, we can be pretty sure that none of them works. ❸ 1 She developed this theory when her dog kept getting sprayed by skunks: each person she consulted offered a different remedy for getting rid of the odor, none of which worked. ❹ 2 Similarly, the very fact that there are so many self-help books on the market might be a sign that none of them is effective. ❺ 3 After all, if one of them really did unlock the secret to everlasting happiness, it would corner the market and crowd out all the others. ❻ 4 Biographies, rather than self-help books will put you in a much better direction for becoming the greatest version of yourself. ❼ 5 But instead, there is what is known in the self-help industry as the eighteen-month rule, which is that the person most likely to buy a self-help book is someone who bought one eighteen months earlier.

"The Illusion of Self-Help Books: Do They Truly Improve Our Lives?" "The Paradox of Multiple Solutions: Why Self-Help Books Might Fall Short" "Questioning the Effectiveness of Self-Help Books: An Examination of Diverse Solutions" "The Dilemma of Self-Help Literature: Are There Truly Effective Solutions?"

[원문 출처]  Redirect: Changing the Stories We Live By Timothy D. Wilson · 2011 Hope For Sale : The self-help industry

[한 줄 요약] The popularity of self-help books may give the impression that they are effective, but the existence of multiple solutions to problems suggests that none of them truly work, as illustrated by the example of ineffective remedies for skunk odor removal and the saturation of the self-help book market.

[주요 유의어] speed: rate, pace / self-help books: self-improvement literature, personal development guides fly off the shelves: sell rapidly, have high demand /  improve: enhance, better wise: insightful, sagacious  / multiple: numerous, various  / solutions: remedies, approaches pretty sure: quite certain, confident  / works: is effective, succeeds  / developed: formulated, devised theory: hypothesis, concept consulted: sought advice from, asked  / remedy: solution, cure getting rid of: eliminating, removing /  effective: successful, efficacious unlock: reveal, discover everlasting: eternal, permanent  / crowd out: overshadow, dominate

Exercise 09 |  page98

❶ There is no reason to think that the demand for the work of human beings will dry up at a steady pace. ❷ There may be sudden rises in either force: a burst of worker displacement here, a sudden rise in demand for workers there. (C) ❸ Nor will the demand for the work of human beings dry up at the same pace in all parts of an economy. ❹ Some industries might be more exposed to one force than the other; some regions will be more insulated than others. (A) ❺ And it is also important to remember that any fall in demand for the work of human beings may initially not change the amount of work to be done, but the nature of that work: its pay, its quality, its status. ❻ In the end, though, it is the number of jobs that will be affected. (B) ❼ As Leontief put it, lowering workers' wages could “postpone [their] replacement by machines for the same reason that a reduction of oats rations allocated to horses could delay their replacement by tractors. But this would be only a temporary slowdown in the process."

"The Dynamic Nature of Human Work: Fluctuations in Demand and Displacement" "Navigating the Changing Landscape of Human Work: Unpredictable Shifts in Demand and Employment" "Adapting to the Future of Work: Anticipating Displacement and Demand Variations"

[원문 출처]  A World Without Work : Technology, Automation, and How We Should Respond Daniel Susskind · 2020 A world with less work

[한 줄 요약] The demand for human work is not expected to decline steadily, as there may be sudden shifts in worker displacement and demand across different industries and regions, leading to changes in the nature and number of jobs available.

[주요 유의어] Work of human beings: Human labor, employment, job opportunities  / Dry up: Decline, diminish, decrease Sudden rises: Surges, spikes, abrupt increases / Worker displacement: Job loss, redundancy, unemployment Insulated: Protected, shielded, buffered  /Pay: Compensation, wages, salary Quality: Standard, level, grade  / Status: Prestige, standing, reputation Replacement by machines: Automation, mechanization, technological substitution Temporary slowdown: Momentary deceleration, brief pause, transient delay

Exercise 10 |  page 99

❶ Among the processes 1 that can be influenced by a person's awareness, healing is one of the most vital. ❷ Cells use their own form of chemical consciousness already. ❸ The immune response is awake and aware all the time, constantly 2 monitoring itself, staying vigilant for any possible invader or other outside threat. ❹ The immune response is as self-sufficient as someone's heartbeat or breathing. ❺ Yet immunity as a built-in response has a gaping flaw in it. ❻ To find the flaw, pause and simply take a deep breath. ❼ There's the flaw, staring everyone in the face. ❽ Breathing is an automatic, involuntary function, but you can step in and make it 3 voluntary anytime you want. ❾ The same ability extends almost everywhere. ❿ You can voluntarily induce the stress response by going to a horror movie. ⇫ You can alter your metabolism by exercising or changing your diet. ⇬ The dividing line between what happens automatically and what happens voluntarily 4 are(→ is) not fixed. ⇭ Choices matter, and thus the healing self comes into play. ⇮ On its own the body knows how to survive; it's up to us 5 to teach it how to thrive.

"The Vitality of Healing: Unleashing the Power of Conscious Influence" "Consciousness and Healing: Exploring the Dynamic Interplay" "From Awareness to Thriving: Unveiling the Healing Potential" "The Immune Response and Consciousness: Bridging the Gap for Optimal Healing" "Conscious Control in Healing: Unraveling the Flaw and Unlocking Potential"

[원문 출처]  The Healing Self : Supercharge Your Immune System and Stay Well for Life Deepak Chopra, E. Tanzi · 2018 The Bodymind

[한 줄 요약] Healing, an essential process influenced by awareness, showcases the interconnectedness of the immune response and conscious control over bodily functions, highlighting the potential for self-directed thriving.

[주요 유의어] processes: mechanisms, functions  /  influenced: affected, impacted  /  awareness: consciousness, mindfulness healing: recovery, restoration  / cells: biological units, microorganisms chemical consciousness: cellular awareness, biochemical perception /  immune response: defense mechanism monitoring: observing, surveilling  / self-sufficient: independent, self-reliant /  built-in: inherent, innate flaw: deficiency, imperfection  / staring: glaring, evident  / breathing: respiration, inhalation/exhalation automatic: involuntary, reflexive  / voluntary: intentional, deliberate  / metabolism: metabolic processes, bioenergetics dividing line: boundary, demarcation  / fixed: rigid, unchanging  / choices: decisions, selections survival: endurance, preservation  / thrive: flourish, prosper  /  teach: educate, instruct